References

Acheson, D. J., Wells, J. B., & MacDonald, M. C. (2008). New and updated tests of print exposure and reading abilities in college students. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.1.278

Ahmed, I., Hazell, C. M., Edwards, B., Glazebrook, C., & Davies, E. B. (2023). Prevalence of anxiety in college and university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23, Article 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04645-8

Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice. American Psychiatric Publishing

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.

Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006). Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(4), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1884

Appel, M., & Richter, T. (2007). Persuasive effects of fictional narratives increase over time. Media Psychology, 10(1), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260701301194

Appel, M., & Richter, T. (2010). Transportation and need for affect in narrative persuasion: A mediated moderation model. Media Psychology, 13(2), 101–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213261003799847

Apperly, I. A. (2012). What is “theory of mind”? Concepts, cognitive processes and individual differences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(5), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.676055

Apperly, I. A., & Butterfill, S. A. (2009). Do humans have two systems to track beliefs and belief-like states? Psychological Review, 116(4), 953–970. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016923

Astington, J. W., & Baird, J. A. (Eds.) (2005). Why language matters for theory of mind. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159912.001.0001

Bal, P. M., Butterman, O. S., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The influence of fictional narrative experience on work outcomes: A conceptual analysis and research model. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025416

Bal, P. M., & Veltkamp, M. (2013). How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e55341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055341

Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test Revised Version: A Study with Normal Adults, and Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High‐functioning Autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00715

Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199680375.001.0001

Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of a mentalization-based intervention (MBT-FACTS) for families of people with borderline personality disorder. Personality disorders, 10(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000298

Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 3–16). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0002

Bjelland, I., Krokstad, S., Mykletun, A., Dahl, A. A., Tell, G. S., & Tambs, K. (2008). Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study. Social Science & Medicine, 66(6), 1334–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.019

Black, J., & Barnes, J. L. (2015). Fiction and social cognition: The effect of viewing award-winning television dramas on theory of mind. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts, 9(4), 423–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000031

Bormann, D., & Greitemeyer, T. (2015). Immersed in virtual worlds and minds: Effects of in-game storytelling on immersion, need satisfaction, and affective theory. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(6), 646–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615578177

Bowes, A., & Katz, A. (2015). Metaphor creates intimacy and temporarily enhances theory of mind. Memory & Cognition, 43(6), 953–963. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-015-0508-4

Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning: Four lectures on mind and culture. Harvard University Press.

Busselle, R., & Bilandzic, H. (2008). Fictionality and perceived realism in experiencing stories: a model of narrative comprehension and engagement. Communication Theory, 18(2), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00322.x

Castano, E. (2021). Art films foster theory of mind. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00793-y

Castano, E., Zanella, J., Saedi, F., Zunshine, L., & Ducceschi, L. (2023). On the complexity of literary and popular fiction. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 42(1), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/02762374231163483

Castano, E. (2024). Less is more: How the language of fiction fosters emotion recognition. Emotion Review, 16(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/17540739241232350

Castano, E., Martingano, A. J., & Perconti, P. (2020). The effect of exposure to fiction on attributional complexity, egocentric bias and accuracy in social perception. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0233378. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233378

Chapple, M., Davis, P., Billington, J., Myrick, J. A., Ruddock, C., & Corcoran, R. (2021). Overcoming the double empathy problem within pairs of autistic and non-autistic adults through the contemplation of serious literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 708375. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708375

Coleridge, S. T. (2008). Biographia Literaria. In H. J. Jackson (Ed.), Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The major works (Oxford World’s Classics). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1817)

Coplan, A. (2004). Empathic engagement with narrative fictions. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 62(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-594x.2004.00147.x

Cupchik, G. C., Oatley, K., & Vorderer, P. (1998). Emotional effects of reading excerpts from short stories by James Joyce. Poetics, 25(6), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-422X(98)90007-9

Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013027257

Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113

Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187

Decety, J., & Lamm, C. (2006). Human empathy through the lens of social neuroscience. The Scientific World JOURNAL, 6, 1146–1163. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.221

de Villiers, J. G., & de Villiers, P. A. (2000). Linguistic determinism and the understanding of false beliefs. In P. Mitchell & K. Riggs (Eds.), Children’s reasoning and the mind (pp. 189–226). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Dimitrijević, A., Hanak, N., Altaras Dimitrijević, A., & Jolić Marjanović, Z. (2018). The Mentalization Scale (MentS): A self‑report measure for the assessment of mentalizing capacity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1310730

Dixon, P., Bortolussi, M., Twilley, L. C., & Leung, A. (1993). Literary processing and interpretation: Towards empirical foundations. Poetics, 22(1–2), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(93)90018-c

Djikic, M., & Oatley, K. (2014). The art in fiction: From indirect communication to changes of the self. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(4), 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037999

Djikic, M., Oatley, K., & Moldoveanu, M. C. (2013). Reading other minds. Scientific Study of Literature, 3(1), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.1075/ssol.3.1.06dji

Djikic, M., Oatley, K., Zoeterman, S., & Peterson, J. B. (2009). On being moved by art: How reading fiction transforms the self. Creativity Research Journal, 21(1), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410802633392

Dodell‑Feder, D., & Tamir, D. I. (2018). Fiction reading has a small positive impact on social cognition: A meta‑analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(11), 1713–1727. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000395

Dowrick, C., Billington, J., Robinson, J., Hamer, A., & Williams, C. (2012). Get into Reading as an intervention for common mental health problems: exploring catalysts for change. Medical Humanities, 38(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2011-010083

Dumontheil, I., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2010). Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence. Developmental Science, 13(2), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00888.x

Eisenberg, N., & Eggum, N. D. (2009). Empathic responding: Sympathy and personal distress. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 71–83). MIT Press.

Ensink, K., & Mayes, L. C. (2010). The development of mentalisation in children from a theory of mind perspective. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 30(3), 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690903206504

Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). GPower 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146

Fiese, B. H., Sameroff, A. J., Grotevant, H. D., Wamboldt, F. S., Dickstein, S., Fravel, D. L., Marjinsky, K. A. T., Gorall, D., Piper, J., St. Andre, M., Seifer, R., & Schiller, M. (1999). The stories that families tell: Narrative coherence, narrative interaction, and relationship beliefs. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(2), 1–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5834.00017

Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., & Jurist, E. L. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. Routledge.

Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990198

Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Moran, G. S., & Higgitt, A. C. (1991). The capacity for understanding mental states: The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 12(3), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199123)12:3

Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 679–700. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579497001399

Fong, K., Mullin, J. B., & Mar, R. A. (2013). What you read matters: The role of fiction genre in predicting interpersonal sensitivity. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts, 7(4), 370–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034084

Freud, S. (2010). Civilization and its discontents (J. Strachey, Trans.). W. W. Norton & Company. (Original work published 1930)

Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2012). Mechanisms of social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 287–313. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449

Gallagher, H. L., & Frith, C. D. (2003). Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind.’ Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(02)00025-6

Gallagher, S., & Hutto, D. D. (2008). Understanding others through primary interaction and narrative practice. In The shared mind: Perspectives on intersubjectivity (pp. 17-38). John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Gallese, V. (2001). The “shared manifold” hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(5-6), 33-50.

Gallese, V., & Goldman, A. I. (1998). Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(12), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01262-5

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (10th ed.). Pearson.

Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., & Robertson, R. R. (1992). Do readers mentally represent characters’ emotional states? Cognition & Emotion, 6(2), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411061

Gıca, Ş., Büyükavşar, A., İyisoy, M. S., & Güleç, H. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE): Reliability and factor analysis study in Turkish sample. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 58(3), 228–233. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.27248

Goldman, A. I. (2006). Simulating minds: The philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of mindreading. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195138929.001.0001

Goldman, A. I., & Sripada, C. S. (2005). Simulationist models of face-based emotion recognition. Cognition, 94(3), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.01.005

Gopnik, A., & Wellman, H. M. (1992). Why the child’s theory of mind really is a theory. Mind & Language, 7(1–2), 145–171.

Gordon, R. M. (1986). Folk psychology as simulation. Mind & Language, 1(2), 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1986.tb00324.x

Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701

Greenberg, D. M., Warrier, V., Abu-Akel, A., Allison, C., Gajos, K. Z., Reinecke, K., Rentfrow, P. J., Radecki, M. A., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2023). Sex and age differences in theory of mind across 57 countries using the English version of the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(1), e2022385119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022385119

Grühn, D., Rebucal, K., Diehl, M., Lumley, M. A., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2008). Empathy across the adult lifespan: Longitudinal and experience-sampling findings. Emotion, 8(6), 753–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014123

Grupe, D. W., & Nitschke, J. B. (2013). Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14(7), 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3524

Hakemulder, F. (2000). The moral laboratory. https://doi.org/10.1075/upal.34

Happé, F. G. (1993). Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: A test of relevance theory. Cognition, 48(2), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-r

Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., Fernández del Río, J., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., … Oliphant, T. E. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2

Herman, D. (2009). Basic elements of narrative. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444305920

Hezel, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (2014). Theory of mind impairments in social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 45(4), 530–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.010

Hunter, J. D. (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Computing in Science & Engineering, 9(3), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.55

Johnson, D. R. (2012). Transportation into a story increases empathy, prosocial behavior, and perceptual bias toward fearful expressions. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.005

Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science, 342(6156), 377–380. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239918

Kidd, D., & Castano, E. (2017). Different stories: How levels of familiarity with literary and genre fiction relate to mentalizing. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts, 11(4), 474–486. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000069

Kidd, D., & Castano, E. (2018). Reading literary fiction and theory of mind: Three preregistered replications and extensions of Kidd and Castano (2013). Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(4), 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618775410

Koopman, E. M. (2016). Effects of “literariness” on emotions and on empathy and reflection after reading. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts, 10(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000041

Koopman, E. M., & Hakemulder, F. (2015). Effects of literature on empathy and self-reflection: A Theoretical-Empirical Framework. Journal of Literary Theory, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/jlt-2015-0005

Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., & Keltner, D. (2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1716–1723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610387613

Kuiken, D., Miall, D. S., & Sikora, S. (2004). Forms of self-implication in literary reading. Poetics Today, 25(2), 171–203. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-25-2-171

Landau, M. J., Kosloff, S., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2011). Imbuing everyday actions with meaning in response to existential threat. Self and Identity, 10(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860903557243

LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016). Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: A two-system framework. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(11), 1083–1093. [<u> https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353</u>](https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353)

Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 259-289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085654

Luyten, P., Campbell, C., Allison, E., & Fonagy, P. (2020). The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: State of the art and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16, 297–325. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071919-015355

Mar, R. A. (2011). The neural bases of social cognition and story comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 103–134. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145406

Mar, R. A., & Oatley, K. (2008). The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(3), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x

Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., Hirsh, J., Paz, J. D., & Peterson, J. B. (2006). Bookworms versus nerds: Exposure to fiction versus non-fiction, divergent associations with social ability, and the simulation of fictional social worlds. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 694–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.002

Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., & Peterson, J. B. (2009). Exploring the link between reading fiction and empathy: Ruling out individual differences and examining outcomes. Communications, 34(4), 407–428. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2009.025

Martel, Y. (2009). What is Stephen Harper reading? Yann Martel’s recommended reading for Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Vintage Canada.

Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 167–195. [<u> https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916</u>](https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916)

Mazza, M., Pino, M. C., Mariano, M., Tempesta, D., Ferrara, M., De Berardis, D., Masedu, F., & Valenti, M. (2014). Affective and cognitive empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 791. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00791

McDonald, B., & Kanske, P. (2023). Gender differences in empathy, compassion, and prosocial donations, but not theory of mind in a naturalistic social task. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 20748. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47747-9

McKinney, W. (2010). Data structures for statistical computing in Python. In Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference (pp. 51–56). https://doi.org/10.25080/Majora-92bf1922-00a

McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003

Miall, D. S. (2006). Literary reading: Empirical & theoretical studies. Peter Lang.

Miall, D. S., & Kuiken, D. (1994). Foregrounding, defamiliarization, and affect: Response to literary stories. Poetics, 22(5), 389–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(94)00011-5

Miall, D. S., & Kuiken, D. (1999). What is literariness? Three components of literary reading. Discourse Processes, 28(2), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539909545076

Miall, D. S., & Kuiken, D. (2002). A feeling for fiction: becoming what we behold. Poetics, 30(4), 221–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-422x(02)00011-6

Oatley, K. (1999). Why fiction may be twice as true as fact: Fiction as Cognitive and Emotional Simulation. Review of General Psychology, 3(2), 101–117. [<u> https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.3.2.101</u>](https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.3.2.101)

Oatley, K. (2011). Such stuff as dreams: The psychology of fiction. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119970910

Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308(5719), 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1107621

Öner, N., & Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluk–Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri el kitabı (2nd ed.). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.

Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096736.001.0001

Pavel, T. G. (2003). Literary genres as norms and good habits. New Literary History, 34(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2003.0021

Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M., & Duchesnay, É. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825–2830. http://www.jmlr.org/papers/v12/pedregosa11a.html

Perner, J. (1993). Understanding the representational mind. MIT Press.

Peskin, J., & Astington, J. W. (2004). The effects of adding metacognitive language to story texts. Cognitive Development, 19(2), 253–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.01.003

Peterson, C. C., & Wellman, H. M. (2019). Longitudinal theory of mind (ToM) development from preschool to adolescence with and without ToM delay. Child Development, 90(6), 1917–1934. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13064

Pino, M. C., & Mazza, M. (2016). The use of “literary fiction” to promote mentalizing ability. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0160254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160254

Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00076512

Python Software Foundation. (2025). Python (version 3.13.3) [Computer software]. https://www.python.org/

Reniers, R. L. E. P., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A. (2011). The QCAE: A Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.528484

Richardson, T., Elliott, P., Roberts, R., & Jansen, M. (2017). A longitudinal study of financial difficulties and mental health in a national sample of British undergraduate students. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(3), 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-016-0052-0

Rinck, M., & Bower, G. H. (2000). Temporal and spatial distance in situation models. Memory & Cognition, 28(8), 1310–1320. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03211832

Rukeyser, M. (1968). The speed of darkness. New York: Random House.

Ryan, M. (1980). Fiction, non-factuals, and the principle of minimal departure. Poetics, 9(4), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(80)90030-3

Ryan, M. (2001). Narrative as virtual reality: Immersion and interactivity in literature and electronic media. John Hopkins University Press.

Schaafsma, S. M., Pfaff, D. W., Spunt, R. P., & Adolphs, R. (2015). Deconstructing and reconstructing theory of mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.007

Schwering, S. C., Ghaffari-Nikou, N. M., Zhao, F., Niedenthal, P. M., & MacDonald, M. C. (2021). Exploring the relationship between fiction reading and emotion recognition. Affective Science, 2(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00034-0

Seabold, S., & Perktold, J. (2010). Statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with Python. In Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference (pp. 92–96). https://doi.org/10.25080/Majora-92bf1922-011

Sebastian, C. L., Fontaine, N. M. G., Bird, G., Blakemore, S.-J., De Brito, S. A., McCrory, E. J. P., & Viding, E. (2012). Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective theory of mind in adolescents and adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr023

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011). The neural bases for empathy. The Neuroscientist, 17(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858410379268

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain, 132(3), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn279

Sharp, C., Pane, H., Ha, C., Venta, A., Patel, A. B., Sturek, J., & Fonagy, P. (2011). Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(6), 563–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.017

Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016). The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 651–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038

Shklovsky, V. (1965). Art as technique (L. T. Lemon & M. J. Reis, Trans.). In L. T. Lemon & M. J. Reis (Eds.), Russian formalist criticism: Four essays (pp. 3–24). University of Nebraska Press. (Original work published 1917)

Singer, T., & Lamm, C. (2009). The social neuroscience of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Consulting Psychologists Press.

Tamir, D. I., Bricker, A. B., Dodell‑Feder, D., & Mitchell, J. P. (2016). Reading fiction and reading minds: The role of simulation in the default network. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(2), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv114

T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2004, August 19). [Circular announcing the public release of the “100 Temel Eser” list] [Circular No. 2004/.]. https://web.archive.org/web/20141030212912/http://www.meb.gov.tr/duyurular/duyurular/100TemelEser/100TemelEserGenelge.htm

T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2005, August 4). [Circular on 100 essential works to be read in primary schools] [Circular No. 2005/70]. https://www.meb.gov.tr/mevzuat/liste.php?ara=27

T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2008, April 29). [Circular updating the “100 Temel Eser” list] [Circular No. 2008/23]. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116065352/https://mevzuat.meb.gov.tr/dosyalar/1165.pdf

T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı. (2018, December 19). [Circular rescinding the “100 Temel Eser” list] [Circular No. 2018/17]. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116050230/https://mevzuat.meb.gov.tr/dosyalar/1993.pdf

Tomasello, M. (2003). The key is social cognition. In D. Gentner & S. Goldin‑Meadow (Eds.), Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and thought (pp. 47–57). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4117.001.0001

Törenli Kaya, Z., Alpay, E. H., Türkkal Yenigüç, Ş., & Özçürümez Bilgili, G. (2023). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Mentalization Scale (MentS). Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 34(2), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.5080/u25692

Ümmet, D., Ekşi, H., Özkapu, Y., & Ekşi, F. (2018). The Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ): A study of validity and reliability. Research and Development on Social Sciences, 1, 423–429.

Vallat, R. (2018). Pingouin: Statistics in Python. Journal of Open Source Software, 3(31), 1026. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01026

Van Bruggen, V., Klooster, P. T., Westerhof, G., Vos, J., De Kleine, E., Bohlmeijer, E., & Glas, G. (2017). The Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ)–Development and initial validation of a new existential anxiety scale in a nonclinical and clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(12), 1692–1703. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22474

Washburn, D., Wilson, G., Roes, M., Rnic, K., & Harkness, K. L. (2016). Theory of mind in social anxiety disorder, depression, and comorbid conditions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 37, 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.11.004

Waskom, M. L. (2021). Seaborn: Statistical data visualization. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(60), 3021. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03021

Wellman, H. M. (2018). Theory of mind: The state of the art. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(6), 728-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1435413

Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72(3), 655–684. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00304

West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage.

Wimmer, H. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13(1), 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5

Young, L., & Dungan, J. (2011). Where in the brain is morality? Everywhere and maybe nowhere. Social Neuroscience, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2011.569146

Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books.

Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 675–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3085

Zunshine, L. (2006). Why we read fiction: Theory of mind and the novel. Ohio State University Press. https://doi.org/10.17613/dc3a6-9rg56